公共需求与政府财政
陈敏昭
（三门峡行政学院 河南三门峡 472000）
[摘要] 政府财政是政治与经济的连接点，从本质上说是为了满足社会公众的公共需求，在提供公共产品与劳务过程中所从事的经济性收入与支出活动。正是由于公共性，使得各级政府财政活动具有极大的自我扩权、自我授权的强烈冲动，肆意地侵蚀与损害公民和企业的经济自由和利益，并造成公共财政资源的极大浪费，已经成为当今中国社会的一大痼疾。因此，正本清源，明了政府财政的公共性，要求其一必须按照社会公共需求的范围来严格限定政府发挥经济职能的作用在合理范围之内；其二，要求政府必须选择高效率低成本的方式、方法，按照社会公众的意愿或民意代表的要求来提供足够的、保证质量的公共产品；其三，政府必须定期公开财政预算及其活动结果，自觉接受社会公众的监督，增强财政预算的刚性。
[关键词] 公共需求 公共产品 政府财政 经济职能 权力与腐败 市场机制
Public Demand and Government's Finances
Minzhao Chen
(Sanmenxia Administrative College, Sanmenxia City, Henan, 472000)
[Abstract] Government finances is essentially to meet the public demand, the economic activities of the income and expenditurein in the course of public goods and services. Public demand Includes the following: to maintain security and order, to provide infrastructure,and social protection, so we must give a certain functions and powers to government . However, any power is double-edged sword, and absolutely power from the surveillance will inevitably lead to corruption and go in the opposite direction. Due to the public nature of the Government's finances, government's financial activities have greatly expanded the right of self-authorized, have wantonly encroached upon citizens and the enterprise's economic freedom and the interests and caused a great waste of financial resources, so it has become a major chronic illness in the contemporary Chinese society. Therefore, firstly we must strictly limit the reasonable scope of the government that play the role in the economic functions in accordance with the requirements of social and public; secondly government must choose a low-cost efficient ways and means and provide adequate and high quality public goods and services in accordance with the wishes and the requirements of the public or representatives of the people; Thirdly, the government must regularly open the results of the budget and activities, and consciously accept the community public supervision; Government can not arbitrarily change its financial activities to enhance the rigidity of the budget.
Key words: Public Demand, Public Product,Government finances , Economic Functions ; the Market Mechanism
由于人类的共性，不论在何时、何地，多数社会成员会产生并形成一些大致相同的利益需要从而构成集体性的需要，这个需要被称为公共需求。公共需求与个人需求相比，既有相似之处，也有不同之处。就其相同之处而言，与满足个人需求一样，满足公共需求在一定程度上讲，作为一种社会性的既定目标，同样涉及如何最优化地使用有限经济资源以最大限度地满足公众要求。公共需求与个人需求不同之处有二：一是公共需求所要达到的既定目标不再通过市场过程由消费者个人的选择来确定，而是由公民选举的议事机构或政府通过制定、推行有关政策来加以确定的；二是满足公共需求不能单纯地通过市场机制来提供可分割性产品的方式予以实现，这类需求一般要通过集体地提供某种不可分割性产品或劳务来予以满足，或者说通过市场解决不能达到令公众满意的程度。满足公共需求就是要求政府主持那些和提供公共产品有关的各种活动，这些活动构成政府财政活动的主要内容。
